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Hurricane Sandy Preparing For The Future Essay - 1122 Words

Hurricane Sandy: Preparing for the Future Junot Diaz once said â€Å"Disasters don’t just happen. They are always made possible by a series of often-invisible societal choices that implicate more than just those being drowned or buried in rubble† (Junot Diaz, 1). This quote introduces the idea of what is referred to as a social disaster. A social disaster can be a natural disaster such as earthquakes, tsunamis, or hurricanes etc. that are associated with some environmental, cultural, or political problem (Hovenac, 1). These societal problems can be a result of the natural disaster but more often issues that have always been there that are uncovered by the event of the natural disaster. When we look back at natural disasters that have occurred in United States, we notice that societal issues also arise with these events. A known example of this is when Hurricane Katrina hit the United States in 2005. As a result of the storm, researchers claimed that the socioeconomic st atus of those affected by the storm played a vital role in the damages that they face. This natural disaster brought attention to the pressing issue of the socioeconomic imbalance in our country and how it affects those in a natural disaster. Like Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Sandy is another natural disaster that is also considered a social disaster. This storm, which struck the northeast coast of the United States in late October of 2012, uncovered some pressing societal issues in the United States.Show MoreRelatedDescription of superstorm sandy â€Å"Superstorm Sandy† is the unofficial name for Hurricane Sandy, the800 Words   |  4 PagesDescription of superstorm sandy â€Å"Superstorm Sandy† is the unofficial name for Hurricane Sandy, the deadliest and the most destructive hurricane of the 2012 hurricane season. It was a category three when it was at its peak. It was also the 18th storm named and the second major hurricane in the year 2012. While the hurricane was at its category two, it hit the Northeastern United States and was the largest Atlantic hurricane ever in terms of diameter with winds spanning 11,000 miles. The overall damageRead MoreAdaptive Capacity Of Coastal Cities3225 Words   |  13 Pagesthe Aftermath of Hurricane Sandy: The Role of Government Policy (NOAA) Introduction: The role of government and its response to during Hurricane Sandy in October of 2012 remains a controversial affair to this day. From a policy perspective the United States government, federal, state, and local levels could have been better prepared as described in this proposal. The debate on how well emergency management personnel was put into the national spotlight during Super Storm Sandy. News headlinesRead MoreFirst Responders During Natural Disasters2036 Words   |  9 PagesMajor Hurricane disasters along the coastlines have affected many cities and communities which have forced them to take into action and adopt the conception of emergency management, disaster preparedness, first responders and recovery planning. First responders play an intricate role during natural disaster; the first people to report on the scene are firefighters, police officers, paramedics and emergency medical technicians (EMT). These individuals risk their lives every day to make sure civiliansRead MoreThe Negative Impacts Of Hurricanes1774 Words   |  8 Pages Hurricanes are some of the costliest and most dangerous events that happen in our world. Many historical hurricanes like Harvey, Katrina, Sandy have killed hundreds of people and cost billions of dollars to repair the damages. But many reform bills and agencies throughout the years have either improved humanitarian conditions or became under tremendous scrutiny by the public for its lack of assistance. In addition, there have been many technological advances made to help people prepare before andRead MoreEssay on American Red Cross Ethical Struggles3182 Words   |  13 Pagesdistributed to the aid of 9/11 victims and their families. So where did the money go? At that time the President of the ARC Bernadine Healy claimed that the majority of the money that was donated went into the company’s corporate governance and/or future catastrophe preparation (Ferrell, 2011). Not to mention, the American Red Cross encour aged people to donate blood when blood was not needed at that time. This caused the ARC to be The American Red Cross (ARC) Apinya Rakklang Professor Afraa Al BahraniRead MoreThe Poor Management For Katrina2894 Words   |  12 Pages　 In 2005, Hurricane Katrina caused massive damage around Gulf of Mexico. Especially, New Orleans was flooded most severely, so once approximately 80% of the city was under the water. Many articles criticize the poor management for Katrina, on the other hand, some articles can positively accept the preparation for Hurricane Sandy in 2012. For example, GSN (Government Security News) released their article in 2015, and the title is â€Å"Response to Sandy shows Katrina lessons mostly learned, saysRead MoreEssay on Differences Between Mitigation and Preparedness1703 Words   |  7 Pagesexperiences a variety of natural disasters throughout the year. Because of hurricanes on the Pacific, Atlantic, and Gulf of Mexico coasts, earthquakes near the San Andreas and other fault lines, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes in the plains, and floods throughout the Midwest, the United States suf fers approximately $1 billion in losses each week. From 1990-93, losses surpassed those during the previous decade, mainly due to Hurricane Andrew, the Midwest and Northwest floods, and the Northridge EarthquakeRead MoreTeaching Profession As A Career Choice Of Mine920 Words   |  4 Pagesgrandmother, and grandfather worked and how little recognition they were given for that work. I witnessed countless hours spent grading student work and leaving meaningful feedback. I saw my adult family members pouring over textbooks like students preparing for the next day’s lessons. I noticed that this was not a job that one is able to clock out of or leave at the office for the next day. I realized that the money while enough to live on, was not enough to do the things I wanted to be able to do inRead MorePreparedness Is A Global Threat2596 Words   |  11 Pagessee on the news every day that disasters such as fires, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, flu, or Ebola can wipe away an ent ire nation in a short span of time. The United States, like all countries, faces many threats with the potential for large-scale health consequences, including disease outbreaks, natural disasters, and terrorist attacks, just to name a few. The most recent cases were Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and super storm Sandy in 2012 which had devastating effect of the nation’s populationRead MoreThe Natural Hazards That Have Impacted The United States3143 Words   |  13 PagesWhile we do not have historical record of all of the natural hazards that have impacted the United States, we do know that for multitudes of years, the United States has been hit by many natural hazards – hurricane, tornado, drought, wildfire, flood and earthquake, to name a few. As each of these natural hazards occur, multiple issues arise – relative to the core components of emergency management: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. Yet, even with prior knowledge from years past

Customer service †the investigation assignment Free Essays

I’m going to do an investigation into two different organisations taking into account the principles, products and services that are offered and the companies’ customer care policies. My first organisation is Alton Towers; a fun packed theme park aimed at all types of age groups, maybe not for the over 50’s though. It is the UK’s best loved theme park, 2 hotels, a spa, an extraordinary golf course, and nineteenth century gothic castles. We will write a custom essay sample on Customer service – the investigation assignment or any similar topic only for you Order Now My second organisation is First choice tour operators; a leisure travel company operating in four different sectors. They have many high street stores and are a well-known respected tour operations company. My first impression of Alton towers was quite alright, it weren’t bad customer service but we had a few problems. I and my friends had gone for a birthday party and we had pre-booked our tickets so that we could just go straight through and not have to queue up. When we got to the desk the lady couldn’t find us on the computer and asked us for our reference number, we weren’t given a ref number we just got told to show them a confirmation letter they had emailed us. There was a mix up on the computer and they eventually sorted it out. They never really apologised to us for making us wait and not explaining thoroughly what had happened. By the end of our visit we had forgot the kafuffle at the beginning as we’d had such a good day and the service throughout the day was brill! My first impression for First Choice tour operators was fantastic. I flew with first choice to Gran Canaria in Xmas 2005. When we first got on the plane they greeted us with smiles and asked if we were ok etc. When we sat down ready for take off they all came round to check if we required anything and to see that we were all ok. I think that is good service as there job is too look after their customers and that’s exactly what they were doing. Some airlines do have good customer service but first choice just seemed to stand out to me. I’ve flown with Gold Trail before and they were horrendous, you would ask for assistance and they would come back to you in around 45 minutes; They were absolutely terrible. We were also delayed on that flight for 7 hours and didn’t receive anything for it. The principals of customer care. First impressions are the first sign of good customer care, for example if you walked into a travel agents wanting to find out some information on a holiday you have seen, you would want the agent to approach you first with a cheery happy face and be polite! That is a good first impression, if you walked in and you had to speak first and they looked all morbid and mardy, you wouldn’t think that was a good first impression. In any organisation the people of the company should always give a good first impression because that’s what the customer remembers. Any company should have good company image, an appealing logo is a first, you wouldn’t go in a travel agents if they had a shabby logo on their shop, you would want it too look appealing and stand out. Employees should have a the company’s logo on their uniform as that gives a good impression, plus customers will know that they are part of that company if they need assistance. Speed and accuracy of service is vital in customer care, you want to be served as quickly and efficient as possible. You don’t want to be waiting ages to be assisted and then they don’t give you the advice you wanted or they sell you the wrong product. Every company should have a customer service policy; all companies should provide a helpful, friendly and reliant service. The methods my two organisations use to monitor and evaluate their customer service. Alton towers have a comment sheet and cards to ensure that all customers are enjoying their visit. The comments sheet/cards enable the company to understand what the customer likes and dislikes and too see if there are any problems. When you’re in the park they come round and put the sheets under your windscreen wiper so that when you return to your car you can fill it in. If you have any complaints or claims you must write to their customer relations manager within 28days of your trip to Alton towers. All complaints or claims that do not involve in injury or death, Alton towers cannot accept liability. First choice holidays listen to their frontline employees, customer focus groups, customer feedback questionnaires and by conducting mystery shopping where a third party acts as a customer and feeds back to the company on the quality of the service they receive. These are all good ways for company’s to monitor their customer service. There are many other ways a company good monitor their customer service; observations, feedback from team members, suggestions box or book, questionnaires and surveys, or simply just have a customer service desk if they feel they are not satisfied within the store and want to complain straight away. The benefits of good customer service The benefits of an employee would be that if they gave a good service within their job then they would enjoy their job as they would be praised.You would also be secure in your job as if your good at your job and can deliver a good service, your employer will want you to stay. If you are good at your job and the customers are all satisfied, your employer may give you a pay rise. Incentives can also be given to you by your employer.For example you could be set a target and if you reach it you can be awarded some money or even a holiday. The benefits to the employer would be that the sales and profits of the business would rise because of returned customers and more customers would come to you as the returning customers would tell other people. There would be less complaints if the business had a good service, which would mean more positive feedback. If the business was in competition with other businesses they would have a better advantage as customers would want to go to their business as they deliver a better service. Customers will be highly satisfied if you give them a good service, you will be meeting their needs and exceeding their expectations, they will return and give word of mouth. Returning customers is good for every business, it is also good for both the customer and the employee as you will build a good repour. Customers will also gain your loyalty and certainly give recommendations. Consequences of a poor service If you give a poor service the financial side of the business will fail and lose money. The reputation of the employer will be bad and people who were thinking of applying for a job in that company will reconsider there thoughts. My first impression of Alton towers was a poor service, we said we weren’t going to pre-book our tickets there again we would just do it the normal way, but as the day went on the service was brilliant and we had forget all about the kafuffle at the start of the day. First Choice was a great first impression at the start; we went back to them as they had delivered a good service. If they had delivered us a poor service we would not have gone back and would have told other people how rude they were etc. In all customer service related jobs, every employee should abide by the data protection act because all customers details and personal information is confidential. If any disabled individual entered an establishment you would not treat them any different. You should not treat any individual different from anyone else, everyone should be treat the same despite race, sex, religion or any views they have on anything. How to cite Customer service – the investigation assignment, Papers

Single parents Essay Example For Students

Single parents Essay The way we really are? By: Karen Position Paper (Article #12- The Way We Really Are) The author of this article portrays how the standard of the traditional family has changed over the past century. The article emphasizes on how marriages are becoming extinct and families are breaking away from the old fashioned way of raising children. For example, having both a father and a mother in the home full-time use to be the definition of the traditional family. The author seems to believe that the majority of society today is becoming accustomed to single parent homes and women being the major breadwinners in the home, thus making this the new traditional family lifestyle. As I was reading the statistics in this article I was very critical in believing the data that was given by the author. There were statistics given about the increase in unwed motherhood, divorce rates falling and rising, how much divorce has increased since the 1950s and how many people are staying unwed in the later 1900s. The author gave no indication of where or how she gathered her statistics. I do believe that the divorce rate in America is at an all time high for the start of the new millennium. I believe that Americans are forced to re-evaluate their opinion on what the traditional family is made up of. Children are forced to live with one parent, not having the traditional dream of both a mother and a Father, which is the image of what a real family is portrayed to be in the generation I was brought up with. The traditional lifestyle of a family use to be that the father was the major breadwinner, going out of the home and working long hours of labor for his family living on the wage of just one major breadwinner. The mother was the nurturer, staying home to take care of children and household chores. Because of changes in economical status in the late 1900s, families were forced to change their opinions on what was once known as traditional family lifestyle. Both parents would now have to work outside of the home in order to be able to afford everyday standard living expenses. This was not even to include expenses to cover buying a home or sending the children to college. Because more than 60% of women have to work outside of the home before their children reach their pre-school years, children are being raised by daycare centers and babysitters with little or no parental education. Women are still expected to uphold most or all of the nurturing and household duties even though working outside the home, leaving very little time to spend nurturing with children and spouse. Therefore causing much tension and turmoil in the home. Many couples cannot uphold the trials of marriage today. To most marriage seems to be hard work instead of a happy extension to ones family, explaining why statistics are showing more and more people who are choosing to remain unmarried. The article explains other reasons why more women are choosing to work outside of the home. Stating that women enjoy feeling equal in the economic portion of a relationship. Working outside the home gives them a feeling of adequacy or prestige. Being able to take care of themselves. Women feel sometimes less important in a relationship if forced to rely on another individual for everyday financial needs. It seems to be that the new traditional family consists of one parent and one income. It is a sad reality but true. In my opinion the author seems to be correct in its theory that marriage is becoming extinct. Divorce is still rising and more and more people seem to be choosing to stay single and have children out of wedlock. .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 , .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 .postImageUrl , .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 , .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0:hover , .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0:visited , .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0:active { border:0!important; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0:active , .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0 .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u030e79c9b172546f526e5b42b204d2d0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The War Essay I do not see any solutions to the new wave of families in todays society. I find it very sad and do not look forward to what will become of our future. I can only pray that although few and far between, there will still be families that consist of both a mother and a father and some marriages will beat the odds and go the distance1999. Bibliography: . Works .

The Making of the Creeds by Frances Young

Table of Contents The Author The Book – The Making of the Creeds Thesis Statement Strong Points of the Book Summary Bibliography Footnotes The Author Noted theologian and scholar, Reverend Francis Young is an ordained Methodist minister who has dedicated her life to explain the origins of the Christian faith and how it has been shaped and formed through the years.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Making of the Creeds by Frances Young – Book Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More She has helped to clarify the various nuances of the Christian faith and has shed light on what it means to have relationship with God. The Book – The Making of the Creeds In the book, â€Å"The Making of the Creeds†, Young delves into the origins of the Apostles Creed and the Nicene Creed and helps to explain how they arose as a direct result of the early church struggling to understand th e concepts of incarnation and the Holy Trinity1. In it, she elaborates on how the early fragmentation of the church (i.e. having no distinct centralized order and being separated into numerous denominations and factions over different continents and regions) precipitated the need to develop a clear statement of faith. Thesis Statement The main argument that the author is trying to impart to readers is that the Creeds as we know of them today are far from being a mere set of phrases routed in tradition and theology, rather, they were a means by which salvation was realized for the members of the church and can be considered â€Å"the heart† of early Christian theology. Strong Points of the Book One of the strongest aspects of the book lies in its use of non-technical phrases and wordings in order to explain the historical significance of particular events, doctrines and theological concepts. By ensuring that the text can be easily understood by a reader without a considerable background in Christian theology, this results in a wider audience being able to understand the message that Young is trying to impart in the book regarding the significance of the Apostles’ Creed and the Nicene Creed in Christian theology as well as in the present day Christian faith.Advertising Looking for critical writing on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another strong point of the book lies in its use of a historical backdrop of events in order to show how the Apostles’ Creed and the Nicene Creed came to develop into its present day iteration over time. Through this method of depiction, readers are better able to appreciate the struggles that defined the early church and how the Creeds and doctrines that we know of today were actually developed as a direct result of the desire of the early church to bring the message of salvation to its constituents. On the other end of the spectrum, one of the weaknesses of the book was surprisingly its first chapter which was lacking in sufficient content and dealt with concepts that would have been better off left for a later chapter. It should be noted though that in terms of its theological import and the manner in which it helps to explain the theological circumstances behind the creation of the Creeds, the book is quite a good read. It’s qualities are further enhanced by the fact that it is not too long and can be considered a brief yet concise method of helping to explain one aspect (i.e. the development of the Nicene Creed) of Christianities evolution over time. Summary Overall, the book is an excellent source material for understanding the development of the Creeds as we know it today. Neither being overly complicated nor lacking in detail, â€Å"The Making of the Creeds† by Frances Young enables students of theology or even regular Christians to better understand the various developments in Christianityâ₠¬â„¢s past.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Making of the Creeds by Frances Young – Book Critique specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bibliography Lewis, John Underwood. 1993. â€Å"The making of the creeds.† Theology Today 50, no. 3: 480. Footnotes 1 Lewis, John Underwood. 1993. â€Å"The making of the creeds.† Theology Today 50, no. 3: 480. This critical writing on The Making of the Creeds by Frances Young – Book Critique was written and submitted by user Sullivan Reed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Snowball Earth

The Snowball Earth Some very strange events have left their signs in the rocks of Precambrian time, the nine-tenths of Earths history before fossils became common. Various observations point to times when the whole planet appears to have gripped by colossal ice ages. Big-thinker Joseph Kirschvink first assembled the evidence in the late 1980s, and in a 1992 paper he dubbed the situation the snowball earth. Evidence for the Snowball Earth What did Kirschvink see? Many deposits of Neoproterozoic age (between 1000 and about 550 million years old) show the distinctive signs of ice agesyet they involved carbonate rocks, which are made only in the tropics.Magnetic evidence from these ice-age carbonates showed that indeed they were very near the equator. And there is nothing to suggest that the Earth was tilted on its axis any differently from today.And the unusual rocks known as banded iron formation appeared at this time, after an absence of more than a billion years. They have never reappeared. These facts led Kirschvink to a wild surmise glaciers had not just spread over the poles, as they do today, but had reached all the way to the equator, turning the Earth into a global snowball. That would set up feedback cycles reinforcing the ice age for quite some time: First, white ice, on land and upon the ocean, would reflect the suns light into space and leave the area cold.Second, the glaciated continents would emerge as the ice took water from the ocean, and the newly exposed continental shelves would reflect sunlight rather than absorbing it as dark seawater does.Third, the huge quantities of rock ground into dust by the glaciers would take carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing the greenhouse effect and reinforcing the global refrigeration. These tied in with another event: the supercontinent Rodinia had just broken apart into many smaller continents. Small continents are wetter than large ones, hence more likely to support glaciers. The area of continental shelves must have increased, too, thus all three factors were reinforced. The banded iron formations suggested to Kirschvink that the sea, blanketed in ice, had gone stagnant and run out of oxygen. This would allow dissolved iron to build up instead of circulating through living things as it does now. As soon as the ocean currents and continental weathering resumed, the banded iron formations would be quickly laid down. The key to breaking the glaciers grip was volcanoes, which continually emit carbon dioxide derived from old subducted sediments (more on volcanism). In Kirschvinks vision, the ice would shield the air from the weathering rocks and allow CO2 to build up, restoring the greenhouse. At some tipping point the ice would melt, a geochemical cascade would deposit the banded iron formations, and snowball Earth would return to normal Earth. The Arguments Begin The snowball earth idea lay dormant until the late 1990s. Later researchers noted that thick layers of carbonate rocks capped the Neoproterozoic glacial deposits. These cap carbonates made sense as a product of the high-CO2 atmosphere that routed the glaciers, combining with calcium from the newly exposed land and sea. And recent work has established three Neoproterozoic mega-ice ages: the Sturtian, Marinoan and Gaskiers glaciations at about 710, 635 and 580 million years ago respectively. The questions arise as to why these happened, when and where they happened, what triggered them, and a hundred other details. A wide range of experts found reasons to argue against or quibble with the snowball earth, which is a natural and normal part of science. Biologists saw Kirschvinks scenario as looking too extreme. He had suggested in 1992 that metazoansprimitive higher animalsarose through evolution after the global glaciers had melted and opened new habitats. But metazoan fossils were found in much older rocks, so obviously the snowball earth had not killed them. A less extreme slushball earth hypothesis has arisen that protects the biosphere by positing thinner ice and milder conditions. Snowball partisans argue their model cannot be stretched that far. To an extent, this appears to be a case of different specialists taking their familiar concerns more seriously than a generalist would. The more distant observer can easily picture an icelocked planet that has enough warm refuges to preserve life while still giving the glaciers the upper hand. But the ferment of research and discussion will surely yield a truer and more sophisticated picture of the late Neoproterozoic. And whether it was a snowball, slushball or something without a catchy name, the type of event that seized our planet at that time is impressive to contemplate. PS: Joseph Kirschvink introduced the snowball earth in a very short paper in a very large book, so speculative that the editors didnt even have someone review it. But publishing it was a great service. An earlier example is Harry Hesss groundbreaking paper on seafloor spreading, written in 1959 and circulated privately before it found an uneasy home in another large book published in 1962. Hess called it an essay in geopoetry, and ever since the word has had a special significance. I do not hesitate to call Kirschvink a geopoet as well. For instance, read about his polar wander proposal.

Wind power for water desalination including a comparison with solar Dissertation

Wind power for water desalination including a comparison with solar power desalination - Dissertation Example Sew water desalination through the renewable energy resources can solve the problem. Wind energy has the most potential in the coastal regions of the world due to high availability of wind. Wind desalination utilized the RO, MVC and ED techniques to desalinate the sea water. RO method of desalination is considered the most efficient method of desalination. Wind desalination has many advantages over solar desalination, particularly at coastal regions. The advanced wind turbines have more efficiencies than that of the previous designs. On the other hand the desalination methods involving coupling of solar and wind energy are much efficient. TVC desalination method can couple solar and wind energy. Greece is facing the water scarcity and desalination is the most effective and efficient method to provide fresh water for the economic and social growth of the country. Some Greece islands are facing droughts and desalination is the economic solution. Greece islands have major coastal region s, which can be considered suitable to harness the wind energy for the desalination. However, solar and wind energy both can be coupled to enhance the gain and efficiency of the desalination plants. RO desalination technique is considered best to be coupled with the wind energy. Some disadvantages of the wind desalination are the noise, disposal of concentrated brine and disposal of chemicals. However, the advantages are more than disadvantages and thus wind desalination has a promising future. Wind power for water desalination including a comparison with solar power desalination Chapter 1- Literature Review Among the many problems, the human race is facing, the two major problems are the worst of all. The two problems are the environmental pollution and climate change and the second is the water scarcity. As the population is increasing the problems of fresh water scarcity and climate change is increasing are becoming more severe. In fact, the fresh water resources in the world rem ained lesser than what is demanded by the population, thus billions of people will have to suffer and have to drink contaminated or low quality water (Sen, 2008). There is a need to establish such systems that equally encounter the climate change as well as water scarcity. The system, thus, have to utilize the alternate resources of energy like the solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, etc (Kalogirou, 2005). Earth has plenty of saline water; in fact, the major portion of the earth is covered with saline water in form of oceans and seas. In order to encounter the water scarcity, there is a need to treat the saline water to make it in the purely drinkable. On the major process is the water distillation that converts the dirty or saline water into steam by utilizing the heat from different sources and the then converting it back into the liquid state. All the impurities remain at the bottom of the container in which the water is heated. The other methods are the uti lizing the different layers of filters to file the impurities and adding chemical additives. The major process that has the potential of providing the necessary amount of water without worrying about heating the water is the RO process, in which dirty water or saline water is forcefully passed through different layers of filters. The layers provides a passage for the only water molecules, as the width of the pores in the filter is about in the range of nanometres allowing only the water molecules to pass through the filter. In nature such type of layers can in found in eggs and layer of ash. However, the process of RO consumes much energy having a purification plant of a grand scale, thus a large amount of energy is required

Measuring Employee Satisfaction Through Use of Employee Satisfaction Essay

Measuring Employee Satisfaction Through Use of Employee Satisfaction Surveys - Essay Example Most of the companies employ survey to gauge their employee’s satisfactions, recruit top prospects and create internal policies. Survey have a twofold advantage; to the employees, they tell them that their input and concerns are important thus boost their morale and loyalty and to the employers, they assist them to map the companies policies. Employee’s survey can be carried out in a manner of ways, depending with the purpose. To begin with, it can be employee Satisfaction Surveys. In essence, the core goal of any employee survey is to gauge employee satisfaction. This type of survey dwells on workplace issues such as benefits, the work environment, commitment to diversity and effective communication. To the management, the feedback from this type of survey helps to paint the real attitude of employees and their opinion concerning the workplace issues. The feedback, also aid the employer to discern the root cause of persistent problems; such as high expenses, low produc tivity or low morale in work. To add, another method is to employ is exit survey. This method is best in organizations plagued with high turnover. Turnovers are very expensive to any organization. The survey is conducted on employees who are leaving the particular organization, and the aim is to elicit their reasons for doing so. Written exit survey has been shown to elicit more honest responses than interviews, which lend themselves to unrealistic and overly rosy scenarios. The data derived from exit surveys can be used to create policies and procedures that aid to boost job satisfaction and hence counter the costly effects of job turnover. Another method generally employed by organizations is customer care surveys. This mode of survey is customer oriented, and is designed to deliver quality services and products to customers, that best answer their needs. Generally, those people who are in constant and direct contact with the customers are better suited to provide information on t he needs of the customers. Consequently, organizations design a customer care surveys to elicit the opinion of the employees and their knowledge about their customers. This mode of survey helps to seal loopholes in customer service delivery and therefore improve areas where service may be lacking, thereby increase their satisfaction. Finally, another mode of survey is survey on specific issues. This kind of survey is conducted whenever companies wish to conduct material changes that affect the employee welfare, such as new insurance providers or changes in working conditions. This kind of survey is designed to elicit the input of the employee and thus reduce chances of the resistance of the new policy at the implementation phase. In order for the survey to be successful, it is important for the management to observe a number of steps. To begin with, the survey must be advertised. The employees have to be informed well in advance. Generally, response rates have been closely linked to the number of times an upcoming survey is announced. The management can do this via emails, memos, bulletin boards or even the organization newsletter. Secondly, it is critical that anonymity is guaranteed by employers who are conducting employee’s survey. Employees may feel threatened, if they hold opinions that differ or does not agree with the company policies. This may make employees choose not to participate in the survey of if

Fair Trade Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Fair Trade Principles - Essay Example Scarce commodities are considered much more important than commodities available in abundance hence there is a significant difference between the prices of scarce commodities and the commodities which are available in abundance. Let us now consider the demand aspect of the price theory, the demand aspect of the price theory is driven by an important factor which is how desperately a consumer is in need of that commodity or service. If a consumer is urgently in need of the service or commodity, he/she wouldn't mind spending even double the amount of money which they would have spent in normal circumstances. So the demand aspect of the price theory is all about the desire of the consumer to have that particular commodity or service at his/her disposal. Another important aspect which is very important is the demand curve; demand curve gives a good enough indication of the will of consumers to buy the commodity or the service at that particular price. Demand curve and supply curves are studied by an organization to arrive at an equilibrium price. Equilibrium cost is the fixed cost and this changes only when the demand and supply is changed and it does not change unless the demand and supply changes. Let us now take into consideration the difference between luxury goods and necessities, the ... he level of income of an individual goes on to decide what luxury is and what is necessity For instance a rich person can stop buying bikes and as a replacement start collecting cars, this purely depends on the level of income of people. The word luxury has more meanings than one, one often mistakes luxury as a status symbol, for instance a person can buy a Nike shoe considering as a luxury knowing very little about how good the shoe is, so it depends on individuals on how they define luxury. Euro Star and its Price Theory Euro star is a high speed train which covers areas in London, Brussels and Paris. The price theory of the high speed train will be highlighted in the remaining of the paper. There are three different classes namely, the standard class, the Leisure select and the last one is Business Premier. The rates vary depending upon the class, for a journey from London to Paris it would roughly cost about 178 if one chooses to travel in Standard class, on the other hand the fare is higher if one chooses to travel by Leisure select, it would cost roughly about 325 if one chooses a two way journey from London to Paris and back. The third and the most expensive class is the Business Premier which would cost a person roughly about 328.50 for a one way journey from London to Paris. The demand factor of the price theory comes into effect here; people opt to travel by Euro star because they have the willingness to pay for the service offered by the train. This is a very essential concept in price theor y, if the people don't feel the willingness to travel by the train they will stop travelling by the train. This goes to show that the prices of the services offered by the train are quite reasonable and this is exactly why the people feel willing to travel

Creating a Suitable Braking Assembly

Creating a Suitable Braking Assembly To understand the advanced material and processing technologies specifically to study the interaction between different materials and the design process to create a suitable braking assembly consisting of disc, caliper and brake pads. Disc A disc brake or rotor is used to stop or slow down a moving vehicle. There are two types of disc brakes namely solid and ventilated disc .The rotating disc is connected to the axle and rotates with the wheel. When brake is applies the kinetic energy is converted to thermal energy. The temperature range of a disc braking under braking is 400C-600C. The weight if the disc also matters. For better braking and longer disc life. The disc should have grooves to disperse water to give maximum performance under wet conditions. Disc which are likely to corrosion are coated with anti rust paint. It should be resistant to wear and tear. The reliability of the disc increases when it responses fast and gives safety in all situations. Caliper The main function of the caliper is to hold the brake pads and to hub the brake fluid. The caliper is the actuator in braking and is attached to the steering knuckle. The pistons inside the calipers push against the brake pads which rub against the disc. There are two types of caliper-floating and fixed calipers. Fixed type does not rotate and are fixed. Floating type rotates in relation with the disc on an axis. The caliper should be clean and dirt free for maximum performance. It should also be corrosion resistant. Since calipers are actuators, they have to be made for maximum safety. Need to check if all the pistons are working or if they are engaged. Calipers should also dissipative heat produced. The calipers should provide complete safety in all conditions. Brake pads Brake pads are friction materials mounted on the caliper. They have high friction and help stop the vehicle. They wear out and have to be replaced for better braking. Brake pads or friction pads are the most important part in a brake assembly as this is the part that stops the vehicle. The most important property of the pad is the have a constant high coefficient of friction in a wide range of temperature. The pads should have enough surface area. Heat produces during braking should be dissipated or absorbed. It should have high melting point or the pads could face a phenomenon called brake fade. The brake pads must not wear out rapidly neither should it wear the disc. All the braking action should be quiet, even and stable. Disc Since the disc is thin, the material should be high compressive strength and should not deform under pressure or stress. Therefore the disc rotors need to have high melting point, high dynamic and thermal stability. Rotors should also be wear and rust resistant. The material should also have high dampening to absorb all the vibrations and noise when braking. It should also high have high thermal conductivity and should dissipate heat quickly. It should be able to minimize thermal expansion and should also be hard enough to withstand cracking. Finally the material should have superior machineability and castability. Caliper Material selection for caliper is crucial as it takes in high pressure and stress. It should be light and should have high tensile strength. The pistons should be made of high strength materials to transfer the force from the hydraulic fluid to the brake pads for effective braking. The material should not deform under high stress. Caliper design can get complicated so it should be easy to machine. The material should help in absorption and dissipation of heat and vibrations. Moreover it ought to be rust and dirt resistant. It should also exhibit high dynamic and thermal stability. Brake Pads The material selection for brake pads must have high coefficient of friction for a wide range of temperature and high melting point. Moreover it should withstand heat and dissipate quickly. Another desirable quality of the material is low dust and also low NVH which gives brakes a quiet operation. The material should provide a fade free operation and help eliminate rotor squeal. Pads should have long life but should be rotor friendly also. Since the pads are replaced frequently the pads should be easily machineable and the materials should be easily available. Disc and Caliper The material selected for Disc rotors and caliper is Cast Iron. Cast iron is an alloy of iron and carbon, where the carbon presence is about 3%-4.5% by weight. It is popular because of its low cost and ability to take complicated shapes and ease of machineability. The mechanical properties can be divided into the following Tensile strength-Cast Irons have comparatively less tensile strength but it serves the purpose in disc brakes. The strength is of the magnitude of 7 tonnes per square inch. Hence making the disc brake safe under tensile loading. Compressive strength-Cast iron is popular for its high compressive strength and can take the high compression from the friction material under braking. Consequently brake caliper can take in high load and resist bending or crack. High melting point-The melting ranges from 1140C to 1200C, which is more than sufficient for disc rotors. This helps in removing the disc fade phenomenon and helps braking more efficient at high temperature. Resistances to deformation-Cast irons resist any form of deformation and give a very rigid frame. Hence any form of cracking or breaking is eliminated by careful manufacturing methods. Resistance to Corrosion-Cast iron provides resistance to rust as it inhibits the oxidation of iron. But any part subjected to rust is coated with paint for extra protection. Wear and tear The chosen material is known for its hardness. Wearing out or eroding cast iron is incredibly difficult. Cast iron has proved its excellent abrasion resistance for years. For this reason, cast iron has been selected for disc rotors and caliper for excellent braking performance. Durability and Environment Issues Cast Iron are known to have high durability against fuels where the disc and caliper are often in attendance. The hydraulic fluids used in calipers cause no harm to the metal and hence provide good braking. Cast irons are environmentally friendly material which can be recycled and also doesnt require high energy in machining which reduces cost and pollution. Therefore Cast Iron proves to be the suitable material for disc rotors and brake caliper as it serves the entire design requirement. Adding to the qualities is the dampening ability which helps in NVH free running. It even has an extremely low coefficient of expansion .moreover it also has low sound emission level and also dissipates heat quickly. All these qualities add up to make the cast iron the suitable material. Pads The material selected for brake pad is Asbestos because of its high coefficient of friction. It mainly found in silicate minerals and usually found as long, thin fibrous crystals. Asbestos became popular with its physical properties and came to be used widely in spite of its health hazards. The physical properties are divided below. Tensile Strength Asbestos is known to have very high tensile strength which makes it perfect for use as brake pads. As the brakes are applied at high speed, the pads are rubbed against the disc at high speed producing high tensile force. Therefore asbestos provides the require strength to counter it. High Melting point Asbestos has melting point in the order of 1200C-1500C.This helps in removing the fear of brake fade giving high performance even at high temperatures. Resistance to deformation Asbestos is found to be flexible material. The flexibility of the material helps it to change angle and help increase the braking as the surface of the pads will be evenly run over the disc generating excellent braking. Adding to flexibility is its high tensile strength. Wear and tear Asbestos has high coefficient of friction which makes it perfect but since asbestos are fibers, they tend to wear out but on a reduced or controlled rate according to the manufacturing method. They are designed to wear out eventually. But asbestos are durable material resistant to a number of elements. Environmental issues Asbestos are not environment friendly material neither is it safe for humans. Its fibers often cause health risk which makes it quiet dangerous to use. Asbestos has a number of outstanding abilities such as heat, fire, chemical, friction, electrical, acoustical resistance. All these qualities help in providing a smooth braking feat. It insulates heat and helps dissipate heat quickly. The acoustical properties help absorb the noise and sound and give a quieter operation. Since its chemically inert, it helps in operation in any conditions. Moreover it is insoluble in water and corrosion has no effect. All these qualities add up to prove that asbestos is a good material for brake pads. Disc Disc brake rotors are made using a simple process of casting. Casting is a manufacturing process where the selected material is poured into a mold which has the shape and geometry of the design and then allowed to solidify. Once the metal is solidified, the finished product is taken out by ejection or breakage of mold. Casting is also helpful in mixing two or more materials.The current manufacturing route for the disc brake rotor is casting as cast iron has excellent cast ability and machineability. Since casting has been used for a very long time, it has been developed over the years too. Its economical because of the low equipment cost and tooling cost which helps keep cost down. Disc rotors are made using sand mold. The disc shape is made in a sand cavity and molten cast iron is poured into the cavity. The liquid metal flows to all the space and empty crease in the cavity and takes the shape of the mold. Once the mold shape is taken, it is allowed to cool. After the mold has been cooled to a temp where it can be taken out of the mold, the product can be ejected or the mold can be broken to take the product. Once it is casted, the shape of the disc rotor has been created. It then goes for machining where it is trimmed to final dimensions and level the surface for critical surfaces/dimensions. After machining, the disc is taken over to surface abrasive section where all the rough edges and surface are made clean and smoothen to increase smoothness. After all the work has been done it might be given a coat of anti rust or left over for packaging. Many disc manufacturers drill holes and mill the disc rotors for better air flow and heat dissipation. Casting is a low cost process but often it come with flaws. The rotors would have sand inclusions, bubbles, porosities and usually end up in one piece which can induce really high stress. This can cause uneven cooling or heating and produce cracks in the rotor. Once a crack is formed in a disc, it can lead to the destruction of the whole disc. Therefore the cracks should be taken care of beforehand. To counter this problem, many companies resort to what is called ASTM high temperature cast iron. They use vacuum assist degassed to eliminate the pososite to help stop cracking. Caliper The selected material for caliper is cast iron. Since cast iron have good castability, calipers are also made from casting. But since calipers take a very complex shape and have minute detailing, a high pressure casting is used. High pressure casting is similar to sand casting except that very high pressure of the order 14-140MPa is used to force the liquid to the mould giving good surface finish and also production of very thin sections. The process involves the cast iron melted to be flowing liquid. A mold of the caliper is made and the liquid is injected to the die using a plunger. The liquid fills the die cavity and since high pressure is used, the liquid goes to the smallest creases and takes the whole of the die space leaving less room for inclusions or porosity. Once the liquid is cooled, the die is opened and the product is taken out for further processing. Since the surface finish is good, there is less need to machining. It may be treated with chemicals and all the complicated shapes are cleaned. The caliper is given a protective paint coating for anti rust property. The major advantage is of the high pressure casting is the high production rate compared to sand cast. This is the current route of the manufacturing of calipers using cast irons. Pads Pads are manufactured rather traditionally. Basic process involves cutting of 2 metals one with a friction lining and then sticking them together to make the brake pad. The process starts with cutting two sheets metal. One metal will have the friction material and the other metal will act as a carrier. Once the sheet metals are cut, the two metals are bonded together by a damping layer. The damping layer is an adhesive that sticks both the metals together. Its a layer is a peroxide-cross linked polyacrylate adhesive of a thickness of about 75 ÃŽ ¼m or a peroxide-cross linked silicone adhesive of a thickness of about 100 ÃŽ ¼m. First the damping layer is applied onto one material and then the metal is pressed to the other metal. Few individual supports are punched out from the metal bonded together, providing support on one side and friction on the other. Thus the brake pad is manufactured and the process is very simple. d) Alternate Material Disc The alternate material that can be used is Carbon Ceramic rotors. Carbon ceramics rotors were into application in high performance cars because it called in for high performance.CC rotors are very heat resistant and much more durable than cast iron brake. Advantages of Ceramic Brakes over Cast iron Carbon Ceramic s rotors have more frictional force which helps in stopping the car quickly. They dissipate heat quickly which helps reduce brake fade which is the loss of friction at high temperature Since the heat buildup is lesser, the wear and tear is also reduced The overall weight of the rotors are reduced which help in reducing the weight of the car especially the unsprung mass which helps in handling. CC rotors can withstand 2.5 times the heat steel can withstand which enables it to work in extreme heat. Ceramics have found their place in most of the high performance cars. Ceramics are still under the development stage. Disadvantages of Ceramic Brakes over Cast Iron CC rotors are limited to open wheel configuration because of the high temperature generated. The major disadvantage is the low coefficient of friction in wet or damp condition. CC rotors phenomenally expensive They cannot be repaired if cracked or damaged The production process is very complicated too. Ceramic Rotors are perfect selection for sports car and high performance cars but they seem to be inefficient for normal passenger cars. There are many researches going on in ceramics as they seem to give the best of all the worlds. The potential for ceramics are immense in automotive industry. They are widely used in aerospace now. The manufacturing process is also being refined which are moderating the cost which enables ceramics in a wider driving spectrum.CC rotors help reduce the weight of the vehicle as it is 4 times lighter than cast iron which increases fuel efficiency and help reduce the unsprung mass of the vehicles which gives better handling.CC rotors are made from a carbon reinforcement impregnated with a carbon matrix which is subjected to long and expensive process. There is new ceramics under development and this field is expanding. Caliper The alternate material used in caliper is aluminum. Aluminum is a very light material and can be cast without much expense. Aluminum is used because it is light weight, stiff and non corrosive. Advantages Light weight material comparing to cast iron which helps reduce the upsprung mass of car It can be manufactured easily and tooling is inexpensive. It can be anodized for better look and protection Stiff material and gives sufficient strength Non corrosive and is not affected by water under most conditions. Disadvantages over cast iron Material not strong enough and have lesser compressive and tensile strength. Aluminum has low damping and doesnt absorb vibrations More expensive than cast iron, more manufacturing process Poor ability to transfer heat, aluminum is a poor thermal insulator. Aluminum is widely used to make calipers in modern cars due to its properties and charactertics. More research is being carried out to make aluminum stiffer and harder. Many new aluminum alloys are being produced and tested. Aluminum calipers are larger in size when compared to cast iron calipers; this is due to the fact that the required stiffness is reached only within a certain size. The pistons used in the caliper vary from steel to titanium. The caliper needs good surfaces finish and should also take high stress and shape. Aluminum delivers all the required design specification and making aluminum the best alternate material to be used in calipers. Pads As the increasing rate of technology, brake pads have improved over the years. Asbestos were replaced by semi metallic and now replaced by ceramic pads. Asbestos pad caused health issues and semi metallic pad were noisy and eroded the rotors. Ceramic brakes have been selected as the alternate material for brake pads. Advantages The major advantage is low dust formed when braking. Improved braking over semi metallic and asbestos Stable and even friction available at all temperature range Extremely quiet performance and provide comfort to the passenger The pad life has also been extended also the rotor life as the pads dont erode the rotors. Disadvantages The only disadvantage till now is the rather expensiveness of the brake pads, but with constant manufacturing up gradation, the prices will come down. Ceramic brake pads are found to be an ultimate product, but research is continuing in the process of making it more efficient and cheaper. The dusts produced by ceramics are minimal and are not noticeable making the disc more cleanly in appearance. The ceramic pads are made up of a carbon-ceramic mostly with carbon fibers within silicon carbide matrix(C/SiC).This gives all the qualities to the brake pads according to the design requirement. e) Manufacturing Route for Alternate material Disc The manufacturing process of a ceramic disc rotor is complex and involves a number of steps. Rotors are expensive because of the expensive manufacturing process. The process starts with the preparation and arrangement of multiple layers of fiber fabric. Forming a material in with all the properties involves complex manufacturing process and the properties depend on the selection and densification process. The fibers are taken and heated to a point where they dont melt or burn. Fiber arrangement range from random chopped mat to woven fabric. Then the fiber material is formed in mould to produce the disc shape and then heated to eliminate non carbon elements. After this a process known as chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is used. In CVD porous product is heated in vacuum and then hydrocarbon gas is supplied in to diffuse all the cracks. In isothermal CVD, densification occurs at uniform temperature. Once the specific density and porosity is obtained, the disc is taken out and mach ined, drilled and treated with an antioxidant or special paint for protection. The process is a very length one and takes about 30 to 40 days. The manufacturing process increases the cost of the brakes. Research is being done to reduce the process while maintaining the property of the ceramic disc rotors. Caliper The manufacturing process used to make calipers out aluminum is Gravity Die Casting (GDC).This is different from High pressure die casting used for cast iron. This involves pouring the liquid gently into a reusable metal die. In this process the cores make the difference, the cavity formed due to the cores help the movement of liquid through the core. It includes two cores where one is moveable. The liquid is poured into the die and due to gravity it flows to the cavity and fills the gaps. Once it is solid and set, the die is removed and the finished is removed. After that it is machined to give it a surface finish. The main advantage of gravity die casting over sand casting is the production speed. The same die can be used for hundreds of casting. This process also gives a dimensional accuracy and surface finish. This process is widely used in cast aluminum alloy calipers. Pad Ceramic brake pads are manufactured similar to the cast iron brake pads. The ceramic material is cut into the shape and another metal piece is taken and the both are cold pressed into green compact. Sintering is carried out in vacuum where the organic binding agent concentrations get pyrolized and the metal particles bonded by reaction to carbon. Several binding agents are suited for pyrolysis.eg silicon carbide. One side of the pad will have the friction material and the other will have the support. Thus the manufacturing process for brake pad for alternate material uses expensive materials and process making it more expensive than conventional brake pads.

The Power of Music :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

The Power of Music When talking about human beings developing and music, music is one of the areas of organization arranging stimulli in patterns of deep meaning and influence, that stands at or very near the apex of humanness. Music is an evolutionary contributer to human beings. For example, crude tools have been found and evidence indicates that the Zinjanthropus ( an early progenitor of man) used them in Eastern Africa about 1.7 million years ago. Part of any human being's culture is music. Music has a biological basis as well as a cultural basis. Einstein stated, " The most incomprehensible thing about the world is that it is comprehensible." In other words, without the comprehensibily of the outside world there would be no music. The full fruit on our potential for humaness can never be attained unless we grow and develop within a rich musical environment. Music is simply innate, humans cannot escape the formation of esthetic constructs. Music is a need for expression and communication. Now a days more and more thrapy clinics, be it for psychlogical or physiological purposes, are using music as therapy. As music, being a form of human behavior itself, has its own unique and powerful influence. Understanding of human behavior and specifically music therapy will profit most from a multidisciplinary approach. Music is known to benefit handicapped and ill persons by helping them change their behavior. Music Itself elicits these behavioral changes. By using music and persuation, then , the ultimate goal--to bring about desirable changes in behavior --is attempted. again psychologically speaking, in depressed older adults, music therapy has been a positive contributer. Discriptive and experimental studies have documented effects of music on quality of life, involvement with the environment, expression of feeling, awareness and responsiveness, positive associations, and socialization. Music therapy and listening is able of providing a relaxing, positive stimullis for mood change and stress reduction. Further more, it may provide palliative coping strageties for the relief of pain and anxiety. An experiment was done where music listening techniques as a part a therapy were administered in the home setting with great ease and comfort. Participants enjoyed this form of therapy. The experimant sh owed how music listening stragaties may be useful to distressed individuals. Music just doesn't have positive affects on adults only. According to research, tunes in music may help babies breath better. According to a Prevention Magazine, in a recent 3-day study researcher used baby-sized walk-mans to play lullbies into the ears of 10 premature babies in the Intensive Care Unit.